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Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba [1] (1950–2023) [note 1] was a Tanzanian game warden who, as a schoolboy, discovered the eponymously named Mpemba effect, a paradoxical phenomenon in which hot water freezes faster than cold water under certain conditions; this effect had been observed previously by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes.
The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect.
Mozart effect (education psychology) (popular psychology) (psychological theories) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) Mpemba effect (phase changes) (physical paradoxes) (thermodynamics) Mullins effect (rubber properties) Multiple-effect humidification (drinking water) (water supply) (water treatment) Munroe effect (explosive weapons) (explosives)
The reading passages and questions in common between the PIRLS Literacy and the PIRLS assessments will enable the two assessments to be linked, and their results to be compared. (2) Initiated in 2016, ePIRLS is a computer-based reading assessment of students' ability to acquire and use information when reading online.
The Wide Range Achievement Test, currently in its fifth edition (WRAT5), is an achievement test which measures an individual's ability to read words, comprehend sentences, spell, and compute solutions to math problems.
The level of difficulty gradually increases from single syllables to multi-syllables and the administer measures how well the individual is pronouncing and how fast. [6] This process of reading real words in 45 seconds helps to measure the capability of an individual to pronounce single sight words. [4]
Below is a list of the self-report assessments currently offered: [7] Preschool-aged assessments: Child Behavior Checklist for Ages1½-5 (CBCL/1½-5) – To be completed by the child's parent or guardian, as the child is too immature to complete the assessment themselves. Language Development Survey (LDS) – A subsection of the CBCL/1½-5.
The 'recent view of the Mpemba effect' was put in as balance as recent papers still remain undecided over the reason for the Mpemba effect, at least there is no consensus in the recent scientific literature; the reasons still being given are in the 'Causes' section of the article.