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The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect.
Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba [1] (1950–2023) [note 1] was a Tanzanian game warden who, as a schoolboy, discovered the eponymously named Mpemba effect, a paradoxical phenomenon in which hot water freezes faster than cold water under certain conditions; this effect had been observed previously by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes.
The Reading Screening is a web-based evaluation used to identify children between the ages of 5 and 12 years who are at-risk for developing or are currently experiencing reading difficulties. The Reading Screening [ 3 ] has been used in school systems for the past 15 years and is now available online to parents, teachers, and other professionals.
Mozart effect (education psychology) (popular psychology) (psychological theories) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) Mpemba effect (phase changes) (physical paradoxes) (thermodynamics) Mullins effect (rubber properties) Multiple-effect humidification (drinking water) (water supply) (water treatment) Munroe effect (explosive weapons) (explosives)
The reading passages and questions in common between the PIRLS Literacy and the PIRLS assessments will enable the two assessments to be linked, and their results to be compared. (2) Initiated in 2016, ePIRLS is a computer-based reading assessment of students' ability to acquire and use information when reading online.
DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) is a series of short tests designed to evaluate key literacy skills among students in kindergarten through 8th grade, such as phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension.
The level of difficulty gradually increases from single syllables to multi-syllables and the administer measures how well the individual is pronouncing and how fast. [6] This process of reading real words in 45 seconds helps to measure the capability of an individual to pronounce single sight words. [4]
Small books containing a combination of text and illustrations are then provided to educators for each level. [3] While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils.