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Edmonds' 1979 article "Effective Schools for the Urban Poor" is noted for drawing professional attention to the effective schools movement. Edmonds outlined six characteristics essential to effective schools, including: Strong administrative leadership. High expectations. An orderly atmosphere.
Educational researchers soon dropped "capacity to divert energy and resources" from the list, and Edmonds' "five-factor model" was widely proclaimed as a framework for reforming low-performing schools. [4] Edmonds stated that "mastery of basic skills" was fundamental to effective schools, and also "by equity I mean a simple sense of fairness in ...
That is, the effective activities of instructional leaders, which affect student achievement and school performance, should be considered in the context of school and community environment. In this sense, the effort to measure the effects of instructional leadership without consideration of the school context might be avoided in empirical research.
Some schools practiced participatory democracies for self-governance. [1] The "free schools" movement was also known as the "new schools" or "alternative schools movement". [2] Author Ron Miller defined the free school movement's principles as letting families choose for their children, and letting children learn at their own pace. [4]
Other effective schools researchers were also able to identify schools where children mastered the curriculum, regardless of family background, race or socio-economics. [3] In 1991, Lezotte published Correlates of Effective Schools: The First and Second Generation, describing the "7 Correlates of Effective Schools" as: Instructional leadership.
The vision of the standards-based education reform movement [9] is that all teenagers will receive a meaningful high school diploma that serves essentially as a public guarantee that they can read, write, and do basic mathematics (typically through first-year algebra) at a level which might be useful to an employer. To avoid a surprising ...
Parker, a pioneer of the progressive school movement, rejected the traditional rigid school routine, exemplified by rote learning and the spelling-book method, and even stated that the spelling book should be burned, [3] although he did favor oral spelling. Emphasis was instead placed on social skills and self-expression through cultural ...
The Movement Action Plan is a strategic model for waging nonviolent social movements developed by Bill Moyer, a US social change activist.The MAP, initially developed by Moyer in the late 1970s, uses case studies of successful social movements to illustrate eight distinct stages through social movements' progress, and is designed to help movement activists choose the most effective tactics and ...