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NSLS-II is a synchrotron light source, designed to produce X-rays 10,000 times brighter than BNL's original light source, the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). NSLS-II supports research in energy security , advanced materials synthesis and manufacturing, environment, and human health.
The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York was a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Built from 1978 through 1984, and officially shut down on September 30, 2014, [ 2 ] the NSLS was considered a second-generation synchrotron .
The light sources are synchrotron or x-ray free electron laser facilities that provide users with x-ray beams for a variety of scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging experiments. These facilities accommodate tens of beamlines running in parallel. Their 2000–5000 users per facility perform experiments each year. Advanced Light Source (ALS)
Especially when artificially produced, synchrotron radiation is notable for its: High brilliance, many orders of magnitude more than with X-rays produced in conventional X-ray tubes: 3rd-generation sources typically have a brilliance larger than 10 18 photons·s −1 ·mm −2 ·mrad −2 /(0.1%BW), where 0.1%BW denotes a bandwidth 10 −3 ω centered around the frequency ω.
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour).
Construction began in 1999 for an addition to the facility called the "G-line" to provide a new beam line and three additional experimental stations. This station, commissioned in 2002, was "constructed with extensive toxic gas handling capabilities advancing the prospects for in-situ crystal growth experiments."
Inside the storage ring at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Large magnets bend, steer, and focus the electron beam as it circles the ring 1.4 million times per second. Electron bunches traveling near the speed of light are forced into a nearly circular path by magnets in the ALS storage ring.
While c is an absolute upper bound to propagation speed, the maximum speed of a spaceship in Conway's Game of Life is c/2. [2] This is because it is impossible to build a spaceship that can move every generation. (This is not true, though, for cellular automata in general; for instance, many light-speed spaceships exist in Seeds.) It is ...