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Retrovirus can be single-stranded RNA (just as many SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are single-stranded RNA) which enters the cell nucleus and uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from the RNA in the cell nucleus. A retrovirus has mechanisms to be imported into the nucleus, but other mRNA (such as the vaccine) lack these mechanisms.
RNA editing was first discovered within the mitochondria of kinetoplastid protozoans, where it has been shown to be extensive. [30] For example, some protein-coding genes encode fewer than 50% of the nucleotides found within the mature, translated mRNA. Other RNA editing events are found in mammals, plants, bacteria and viruses.
Conventional vaccines contain either specific antigens from a pathogen, or attenuated viruses which stimulate an immune response in the vaccinated organism. DNA vaccines are members of the genetic vaccines, because they contain a genetic information (DNA or RNA) that codes for the cellular production (protein biosynthesis) of an antigen.
Prior to studying medicine, Robert Malone studied computer science at Santa Barbara City College for two years, acting as a teaching assistant in 1981. [2] [8] He received his BS in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MS in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991.
The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, Fred Griffith (c. 1879 –1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", DNA, formed genes. [ 18 ] In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease.
Nucleic acid vaccines use mRNA to give cells instructions on how to produce a desired protein. Libre de Droit/iStock via Getty ImagesThe two most successful coronavirus vaccines developed in the U ...
Luc Montagnier (US: / ˌ m ɒ n t ən ˈ j eɪ, ˌ m oʊ n t ɑː n ˈ j eɪ / MON-tən-YAY, MOHN-tahn-YAY, [2] [3] French: [lyk mɔ̃taɲe]; 18 August 1932 – 8 February 2022) was a French virologist and joint recipient, with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen, of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (). [4]
The discovery by Victor Ambros and Gary ... or Medicine for their fundamental discovery that made mRNA-based vaccines ... DNA codes that make up genes lead to RNA sequences that cells then turn ...