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They are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation and appear to contribute to pathological states, such as chronic pain. [20] PNS: Enteric glial cells: Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system. Glia cells are thought to have many roles in the enteric system, some related to homeostasis and muscular digestive processes. [21]
Glial cells, including SGCs, have long been recognized for their roles in response to neuronal damage and injury. SCGs have specifically been implicated in a new role involving the creation and persistence of chronic pain, which may involve hyperalgesia and other forms of spontaneous pain. [30]
The word neuroinflammation has come to stand for chronic, central nervous system (CNS) specific, inflammation-like glial responses that may produce neurodegenerative symptoms such as plaque formation, dystrophic neurite growth, and excessive tau phosphorylation. [1] It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic neuroinflammation.
When the glial cells were injected into the injury of the adult rat's spinal cord, astrocytes were generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein (bone morphogenetic protein is important because it is considered to create tissue architecture throughout the body).
Presently, Nedergaard's lab focuses on neuron-glia interactions, the glymphatic system, astrocyte evolution, cerebral blood flow regulation, chronic pain, and the role of glia after stroke or spinal cord injury.
Potential for chronic cytokine activation of astrocytes to contribute to chronic pain; Reactive astrocytes have the potential to promote neural toxicity via the generation cytotoxic molecules such as nitric oxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species, [7] which may damage nearby neurons. Reactive astrocytes may also promote secondary ...
Microglia in rat cerebellar molecular layer in red, stained with antibody to IBA1/AIF1. Bergmann glia processes are shown in green, DNA in blue. Microglial cells are extremely plastic, and undergo a variety of structural changes based on location and system needs. This level of plasticity is required to fulfill the vast variety of functions ...
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines chronic pain as a general pain without biological value that sometimes continues even after the healing of the affected area; [8] [9] a type of pain that cannot be classified as acute pain [b] and lasts longer than expected to heal, or typically, pain that has been experienced on most days or daily for the past six months, is ...
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