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Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. [15] It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. [15]
Side effects can include a decrease in efforts to breathe, low blood pressure, and sleepiness. [12] Tolerance to its effects and withdrawal syndrome may occur following long-term use. [ 16 ] Paradoxical effects , such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. [ 16 ]
Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. [42] The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. [42] For newly diagnosed partial or mixed seizures, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as monotherapy. [42]
Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain, [26] nor for treatment of essential tremors. [27] Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the autism spectrum; [28] [29] studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder.
Seizures induced by chemicals like flurothyl were clinically effective as electric convulsions with lesser side effects on memory retention. Therefore, considering flurothyl induced seizures in modern anesthesia facilities is encouraged to relieve medication treatment resistant patients with psychiatric illnesses like mood disorders and catatonia.
Zonisamide is approved in the United States, [2] [12] and United Kingdom [13] for adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults and Japan for both adjunctive and monotherapy for partial seizures (simple, complex, secondarily generalized), generalized (tonic, tonic-clonic (grand mal), and atypical absence) and combined seizures. [14]
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), sold under the brand names Aptiom and Zebinix among others, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or as additional therapy for partial-onset seizures epilepsy. [6] [4] [3] Similarly to oxcarbazepine, ESL behaves as a prodrug to (S)-(+)-licarbazepine. [7]
Medication may be stopped after seizures have been controlled for two years. [4] PTE is commonly difficult to treat with drug therapy, [3] [36] and antiepileptic drugs may be associated with side effects. [34]
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