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  2. Read-only memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

    ENIAC's Function Tables were resistor matrix ROM, programmed by manually setting rotary switches. Various models of the IBM System/360 and complex peripheral devices stored their microcode in a capacitor matrix, in variants called BCROS for balanced capacitor read-only storage on the 360/50 and 360/65 , or CCROS for card capacitor read-only ...

  3. Programmable ROM - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_ROM

    It is one type of read-only memory (ROM). PROMs are used in digital electronic devices to store permanent data, usually low level programs such as firmware or microcode. The key difference from a standard ROM is that the data is written into a ROM during manufacture, while with a PROM the data is programmed into them after manufacture. Thus ...

  4. BIOS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

    An extension ROM could in principle contain operating system, or it could implement an entirely different boot process such as network booting. Operation of an IBM-compatible computer system can be completely changed by removing or inserting an adapter card (or a ROM chip) that contains a BIOS extension ROM.

  5. Random-access memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory

    When enabled, functions that rely on data from the BIOS's ROM instead use DRAM locations (most can also toggle shadowing of video card ROM or other ROM sections). Depending on the system, this may not result in increased performance, and may cause incompatibilities.

  6. ROM image - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image

    Intelligent Systems ROM burner for the Nintendo DS. A ROM image, or ROM file, is a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip, often from a video game cartridge, or used to contain a computer's firmware, or from an arcade game's main board.

  7. Firmware - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware

    ROM BIOS firmware on a Baby AT motherboard. In some respects, the various firmware components are as important as the operating system in a working computer. However, unlike most modern operating systems, firmware rarely has a well-evolved automatic mechanism of updating itself to fix any functionality issues detected after shipping the unit.

  8. Bootloader - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader

    The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in the boot ROM, which is read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize hardware devices such as CPU, motherboard, memory, storage and other I/O devices, to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, e.g., NAND flash) or ...

  9. Power-on self-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test

    In earlier PC systems, before chipsets were standard, the BIOS ROM would be located at an address range that included the reset vector, and BIOS ran directly out of ROM. This is why the motherboard BIOS ROM is in segment F000 in the conventional memory map.