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A precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. It is generally located on the left-hand side of the runway approximately 300 metres (980 ft) beyond the landing threshold of the runway.
In aviation, a traffic pattern indicator is an L-shaped device which show the airfield traffic pattern to the in-flight aircraft over an aerodrome. [2] The short arm of the "L" represents the base leg, and the long arm the final approach. [3] If no segmented circle is installed, traffic pattern indicators may be installed on or near runway ends ...
Unless explicitly indicated otherwise, all traffic patterns at non-towered airports are to the left. The direction of the pattern may be indicated by a traffic pattern indicator in the aerodrome's signal square. In the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations CFR 91.126 a. (2) requires helicopters to avoid the flow of fixed wing aircraft. [2]
Approach lights at Jyväskylä Airport, Finland The approach lighting system of Bremen Airport Approach lighting at Love Field, Dallas. An approach lighting system (ALS) is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consisting of a series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end. [1]
The visual approach slope indicator (VASI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. These lights may be visible from up to 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) during the day and up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) or more at night.
More advanced modern aircraft replaces these with the integrated electronic Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System or Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor. An aviation annunciator panel will have a test switch to check for burned out lamps. Indicator lights are grouped together by their associated systems into various panels of lights. [1]
Visual Glide Slope Indicator or Visual Glideslope Indicator (VGSI) is a ground device that uses lights to assist a pilot in landing an airplane at an airport.The lights define a vertical approach path during the final approach to a runway and can help the pilot determine if the airplane is too high or too low for an optimum landing.
They operate as an additional layer of safety, independent of human-issued air traffic control clearances. [1] The system works by processing traffic position and movement data generated by transponders aboard aircraft and airside ground-vehicles such as aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) units, aircraft tugs, and snow-clearing equipment.