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For consumer equipment it is −10 dBV, which is used to reduce manufacturing costs. [3] Expressed in absolute terms, a signal at −10 dBV is equivalent to a sine wave signal with a peak amplitude (V PK) of approximately 0.447 volts, or any general signal at 0.316 volts root mean square (V RMS).
The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was miles of standard cable (MSC). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a ...
The decibel watt (dBW or dB W) is a unit for the measurement of the strength of a signal expressed in decibels relative to one watt.It is used because of its capability to express both very large and very small values of power in a short range of number; e.g., 1 milliwatt = −30 dBW, 1 watt = 0 dBW, 10 watts = 10 dBW, 100 watts = 20 dBW, and 1,000,000 W = 60 dBW.
When a signal is chained with improper gain staging through many devices, clipping may occur or the system may operate with reduced dynamic range. In audio, a related measurement, signal-to-noise ratio , is usually defined as the difference between the nominal level and the noise floor , leaving the headroom as the difference between nominal ...
Audio engineers use dynamic range to describe the ratio of the amplitude of the loudest possible undistorted signal to the noise floor, say of a microphone or loudspeaker. [18] Dynamic range is therefore the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the case where the signal is the loudest possible for the system. For example, if the ceiling of a device ...
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The "gain" of a bipolar transistor normally refers to forward current transfer ratio, either h FE ("beta", the static ratio of I c divided by I b at some operating point), or sometimes h fe (the small-signal current gain, the slope of the graph of I c against I b at a point).
This is an example of a case where sensivity is defined as the minimum input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio. [2] This definition has the advantage that the sensitivity is closely related to the detection limit of a sensor if the minimum detectable SNR o is specified ( SNR ).