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In radial section, two tracheids of a coniferous wood species are shown. A series of bordered pits are also appearing in each tracheid. A tracheid of oak shows pits along the walls. It has no perforation plates. Angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel elements. [1] A tracheid is a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of vascular ...
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary ...
Pulmonology (/ ˌ p ʌ l m ə ˈ n ɒ l ə dʒ i /, / ˌ p ʊ l m ə ˈ n ɒ l ə dʒ i /, from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix -λογία-logía "study of"), pneumology (/ n ʊ ˈ m ɒ l ə dʒ i, n j ʊ-/, built on Greek πνεύμων pneúmōn "lung") or pneumonology [1] (/ n ʊ m ə n ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i, n j ʊ-/) is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving ...
With acute upper airway obstruction, respiratory distress can rapidly lead to respiratory failure without appropriate management [2] necessitating urgent and comprehensive assessment of ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation). [1] Imaging studies, including x-rays and CT scans, can aid diagnosis and quickly assess the obstruction's extent. [2]
In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to nucleus ambiguus. [1] [2]
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. [ 1 ]
In birds, some temperature control occurs in the respiratory system. [16] Water vapor heats cool air during inhalation in the trachea, and increases its humidity. [16] The resulting evaporative water loss varies greatly and depends on several factors including air sac pressure and the subsequent rate of air flow through the trachea.
One of the most common causes is Staphylococcus aureus and often follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. Bacterial tracheitis is a rare complication of influenza infection. [ 4 ] It is the most serious in young children, possibly because of the relatively small size of the trachea that gets easily blocked by swelling.