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The tensor product of two vector spaces is a vector space that is defined up to an isomorphism.There are several equivalent ways to define it. Most consist of defining explicitly a vector space that is called a tensor product, and, generally, the equivalence proof results almost immediately from the basic properties of the vector spaces that are so defined.
The tensor product is also called the direct product, Kronecker product, categorical product, cardinal product, relational product, weak direct product, or conjunction. As an operation on binary relations, the tensor product was introduced by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell in their Principia Mathematica ( 1912 ).
The outer product of tensors is also referred to as their tensor product, and can be used to define the tensor algebra. The outer product contrasts with: The dot product (a special case of " inner product "), which takes a pair of coordinate vectors as input and produces a scalar
In mathematics, the tensor product of representations is a tensor product of vector spaces underlying representations together with the factor-wise group action on the product. This construction, together with the Clebsch–Gordan procedure, can be used to generate additional irreducible representations if one already knows a few.
Roughly speaking, the tensor product is the metric space completion of the ordinary tensor product. This is an example of a topological tensor product. The tensor product allows Hilbert spaces to be collected into a symmetric monoidal category. [1]
The tensor product of two fields is sometimes a field, and often a direct product of fields; In some cases, it can contain non-zero nilpotent elements. The tensor product of two fields expresses in a single structure the different way to embed the two fields in a common extension field.
The tensor product of commutative algebras is of frequent use in algebraic geometry. For affine schemes X , Y , Z with morphisms from X and Z to Y , so X = Spec( A ), Y = Spec( R ), and Z = Spec( B ) for some commutative rings A , R , B , the fiber product scheme is the affine scheme corresponding to the tensor product of algebras:
In functional analysis, an area of mathematics, the projective tensor product of two locally convex topological vector spaces is a natural topological vector space structure on their tensor product.