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Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism. Action potential in a neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive), and repolarization, where the internal charge returns to a more negative value.
Different states of polarization correspond to different relationships between polarization and the direction of propagation. In linear polarization , the fields oscillate in a single direction. In circular or elliptical polarization , the fields rotate at a constant rate in a plane as the wave travels, either in the right-hand or in the left ...
This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between protein structures embedded in the membrane called ion pumps and ion channels. In neurons, the types of ion channels in the membrane usually vary across different parts of the cell, giving the dendrites , axon , and cell body different electrical properties.
Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells. Many of the key molecular players implicated in cell polarity are well conserved. For example, in metazoan cells, the PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC complex plays a fundamental role in cell polarity. While the ...
For an input beam of uniform polarization the output polarization will be periodic in y. The phase shift is also dependent on wavelength due to dispersion. The use of two prisms means that the output is essentially coaxial with the input. At the interface between the prisms refraction does take place, as the refractive indices are exchanged ...
In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the wave has a constant magnitude and is rotating at a constant rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Most often, the threshold potential is a membrane potential value between –50 and –55 mV, [1] but can vary based upon several factors. A neuron's resting membrane potential (–70 mV) can be altered to either increase or decrease likelihood of reaching threshold via sodium and potassium ions.
Photon polarization, the mathematical link between wave polarization and spin polarization; Vacuum polarization, a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron-positron pairs; Polarization (cosmology), mechanisms for detecting astronomical polarization and the possible natural origins