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The second reaction is oxidation of nitrite (NO − 2) to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), represented by the members of Nitrospinota, Nitrospirota, Pseudomonadota, and Chloroflexota. [5] [6] This two-step process was described already in 1890 by the Ukrainian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.
Nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR or NXR) is an enzyme involved in nitrification.It is the last step in the process of aerobic ammonia oxidation, which is carried out by two groups of nitrifying bacteria: ammonia oxidizers such as Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosococcus convert ammonia to nitrite, while nitrite oxidizers such as Nitrobacter and Nitrospira oxidize nitrite to nitrate.
The process of nitrification begins with the first stage of ammonia oxidation, where ammonia (NH 3) or ammonium (NH 4 +) get converted into nitrite (NO 2-). This first stage is sometimes known as nitritation. It is performed by two groups of organisms, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA [2]).
The conversion of nitrite to nitrate is facilitated by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The genus Nitrobacter is widely distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. [ 2 ] Nitrifying bacteria have an optimum growth between 77 and 86 °F (25 and 30 °C), and cannot survive past the upper limit of 120 °F (49 °C) or the lower limit of 32 ...
Nitrobacter winogradskyi is a gram-negative nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus of Nitrobacter. [2] [3] It is a chemolithoautotroph that derives energy by oxidation of nitrite. Nitrobacter winogradskyi is rod-shaped and is involved in the biological nitrification process that occurs within the nitrogen cycle.
Aerobic denitrification, or co-respiration, the simultaneous use of both oxygen (O 2) and nitrate (NO − 3) as oxidizing agents, performed by various genera of microorganisms. [1] This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in its higher potential to form nitrous oxide ...
Comammox (COMplete AMMonia OXidation) is the name attributed to an organism that can convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate through the process of nitrification. [1] Nitrification has traditionally been thought to be a two-step process, where ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea oxidize ammonia to nitrite and then nitrite ...
Nitrospirota is a phylum of bacteria. It includes multiple genera, such as Nitrospira, the largest. The first member of this phylum, Nitrospira marina, was discovered in 1985. [2] The second member, Nitrospira moscoviensis, was discovered in 1995. [3] [4]