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[13] [14] The 'embedded rail structure', used in the Netherlands since 1976, initially used a conventional UIC 54 rail embedded in concrete, and later developed (late 1990s) to use a 'mushroom' shaped SA42 rail profile; a version for light rail using a rail supported in an asphalt concrete–filled steel trough has also been developed (2002). [15]
The London Underground continued to use bullhead rail after it had been phased out elsewhere in Britain but, in the last few years, there has been a concerted effort to replace it with flat-bottom rail. [15] However, the process of replacing track in tunnels is a slow one, due to the difficulty of using heavy plant and machinery.
Track relaying, using 30-foot section flat-bottom steel rail (BS 30 m) secured by Pandrol clips, [5] was well-underway in September 1989, with one-and-a-half miles of the track relaid and claims that the new railway would create about 60 jobs. [8]
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Many railways preferred a flat bottom rail section, where the rails could be laid directly on the sleepers, representing a marked cost saving. Indenting of the sleeper was the problem; where the traffic was heavy, it became necessary to provide a sole plate under the rails to spread the load on the tie, partly vitiating the cost saving.
Experts say you should wash your sheets — meaning your pillowcases, fitted sheet and top sheet (if you use one) — once a week. Bed sheets get dirty very quickly, Azodi says.
In the 1830s Robert L. Stevens invented the flanged 'tee' rail (actually a distorted I beam), which had a flat bottom and required no chair; a similar design was the contemporary bridge rail (of inverted U section with a bottom flange and laid on longitudinal sleepers); these rails were initially nailed directly to the sleeper.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission on Thursday issued an urgent warning about portable adult bed rails, saying the devices are behind the suffocation deaths of 18 people since 2021.