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Map of the Papal States (green) in 1789, including its exclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in southern Italy, and the Comtat Venaissin and Avignon in southern France The legations of the Papal States in 1850: Rome , I. Romagna , II.
Between 1798 and 1800, and again between 1809 and 1814, the Papal State was occupied by French troops and the pope was in exile. After the restoration of the Papal State by the Congress of Vienna, Pius VII set about reforming its administration, assisted by Cardinal Secretary of State Ercole Consalvi.
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A map of the Papal States within Europe ca. 1789: Image title: A map of the Papal States within Europe, circa 1789.
All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties.
The Avignon Papacy (Occitan: Papat d'Avinhon; French: Papauté d'Avignon) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of France) rather than in Rome (now the capital of Italy). [1]
Map showing the Comtat and the Principality of Orange in 1547. Avignon was sold to the papacy by Joanna I, Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence, in 1348, [2] whereupon the two comtats were joined to form a unified papal enclave geographically, though retaining their separate political identities.
Painting depicting Abbot Fulrad giving Pepin's written guarantee to Pope Stephen II Map of Lombard territories in 756 before the donation. The Donation of Pepin in 756 provided a legal basis for the creation of the Papal States, thus extending the temporal rule of the popes beyond the duchy of Rome.