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The plant roots must absorb the heavy metal. The plant must chelate the metal to both protect itself and make the metal more mobile (this can also happen before the metal is absorbed). Chelation is a process by which a metal is surrounded and chemically bonded to an organic compound. The plant moves the chelated metal to a place to safely store it.
Seismic surveys and other methods are used to locate oil reservoirs. Oil rigs and oil platforms are used to drill long holes into the earth to create an oil well and extract petroleum. After extraction, oil is refined to make gasoline and other products such as tires and refrigerators. Extraction of petroleum can be dangerous and have led to ...
The oldest and the most common extraction method involves pyrolysis (also known as retorting or destructive distillation). In this process, oil shale is heated in the absence of oxygen until its kerogen decomposes into condensable shale oil vapors and non-condensable combustible oil shale gas .
In 1924, the Tallinn Power Plant was the first power plant in the world to switch to oil shale firing. [5] Following the end of World War II, the oil shale industry declined due to the discovery of large supplies of easily accessible and cheaper crude oil. [1] [4] [6] [7] Oil shale production however, continued to grow in Estonia, Russia and China.
Specific extraction methods depend on the soluble characteristics relative to the sorbent material such as concentration, distribution, nature, and size. [1] Leaching can occur naturally seen from plant substances (inorganic and organic), [2] [3] solute leaching in soil, [4] and in the decomposition of organic materials. [5]
The sizing methods by K factor and retention time give proper separator sizes. According to Song et al (2010), [3] engineers sometimes need further information for the design conditions of downstream equipment, i.e., liquid loading for the mist extractor, water content for the crude dehydrator/desalter or oil content for the water treatment.
Soil contaminated with crude oil displays toxic levels of various heavy metals such as lead, zinc and magnesium. Application of mycoremediation techniques to crude contaminated soils have shown significant reductions of heavy metal concentrations. [29] Mechanisms involved in bioremediation of toxic compounds.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [ 2 ] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.