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In mathematics, the Skolem problem is the problem of determining whether the values of a constant-recursive sequence include the number zero. The problem can be formulated for recurrences over different types of numbers, including integers, rational numbers, and algebraic numbers.
The Fibonacci sequence is constant-recursive: each element of the sequence is the sum of the previous two. Hasse diagram of some subclasses of constant-recursive sequences, ordered by inclusion In mathematics , an infinite sequence of numbers s 0 , s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , … {\displaystyle s_{0},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},\ldots } is called constant ...
In mathematics (including combinatorics, linear algebra, and dynamical systems), a linear recurrence with constant coefficients [1]: ch. 17 [2]: ch. 10 (also known as a linear recurrence relation or linear difference equation) sets equal to 0 a polynomial that is linear in the various iterates of a variable—that is, in the values of the elements of a sequence.
In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter that is independent of ; this number is called the order of the relation.
The ordinary generating function of a sequence can be expressed as a rational function (the ratio of two finite-degree polynomials) if and only if the sequence is a linear recursive sequence with constant coefficients; this generalizes the examples above. Conversely, every sequence generated by a fraction of polynomials satisfies a linear ...
The sequence of functions f n is called a Picard sequence, [8] [9] named after Charles Émile Picard. For a given x in X, the sequence of values f n (x) is called the orbit of x. If f n (x) = f n+m (x) for some integer m > 0, the orbit is called a periodic orbit. The smallest such value of m for a given x is called the period of the orbit.
The first Hofstadter sequences were described by Douglas Richard Hofstadter in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach.In order of their presentation in chapter III on figures and background (Figure-Figure sequence) and chapter V on recursive structures and processes (remaining sequences), these sequences are:
For example, S(1) = 2 and S(2) = 3. The successor function is one of the basic components used to build a primitive recursive function. Successor operations are also known as zeration in the context of a zeroth hyperoperation: H 0 (a, b) = 1 + b. In this context, the extension of zeration is addition, which is defined as repeated succession.