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  2. Forward genetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_genetics

    Forward genetics is a molecular genetics approach of determining the genetic basis responsible for a phenotype. Forward genetics provides an unbiased approach because it relies heavily on identifying the genes or genetic factors that cause a particular phenotype or trait of interest.

  3. Mutagenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis

    DNA may be modified, either naturally or artificially, by a number of physical, chemical and biological agents, resulting in mutations. Hermann Muller found that "high temperatures" have the ability to mutate genes in the early 1920s, [2] and in 1927, demonstrated a causal link to mutation upon experimenting with an x-ray machine, noting phylogenetic changes when irradiating fruit flies with ...

  4. Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular...

    Types of mutations that can be introduced by random, site-directed, combinatorial, or insertional mutagenesis. In molecular biology, mutagenesis is an important laboratory technique whereby DNA mutations are deliberately engineered to produce libraries of mutant genes, proteins, strains of bacteria, or other genetically modified organisms.

  5. Transversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversion

    The location of a transversion mutation on a gene coding for a protein correlates with the extent of the mutation. If the mutation occurs at a site that is not involved with the shape of a protein or the structure of an enzyme or its active site, the mutation will not have a significant effect on the cell or the enzymatic activity of its proteins.

  6. Genetic transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_transformation

    The transferred DNA (called T-DNA) is piloted to the plant cell nucleus by nuclear localization signals present in the Agrobacterium protein VirD2, which is covalently attached to the end of the T-DNA at the Right border (RB). Exactly how the T-DNA is integrated into the host plant genomic DNA is an active area of plant biology research.

  7. Radiation hybrid mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hybrid_mapping

    Radiation hybrid mapping consists of several steps. A radiation hybrid is "a cell or organism that contains fragments of chromosomes from a second organism". [ 2 ] : 82 Radiation hybrids are generated by using X-rays to randomly break chromosomes into fragments, then implanting the fragments into non-irradiated rodent cells, which replicate and ...

  8. Mutation breeding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding

    Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals, radiation, or enzymes [1] [2] in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds.

  9. Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_effects_of...

    Ionizing radiation produces fast moving particles which have the ability to damage DNA, and produce highly reactive free radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production of ROS in cells radiated by LDIR (Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation) occur in two ways, by the radiolysis of water molecules or the promotion of nitric oxide synthesis ...