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Here the main clause is in the indicative or imperative, and the 'if'-clause follows the sequence of tenses rule, with present or perfect subjunctive for an imaginary present situation, and imperfect or pluperfect for an imaginary past one: nōlī timēre quasi assem elephantō dēs (Quintilian) [310]
The ancient Romans themselves, beginning with Varro (1st century BC), originally divided their verbs into three conjugations (coniugationes verbis accidunt tres: prima, secunda, tertia "there are three different conjugations for verbs: the first, second, and third" (), 4th century AD), according to whether the ending of the 2nd person singular had an a, an e or an i in it. [2]
'accusative of future participle' locum ubī esset facile inventūrōs (Nepos) [5] '(he said) that they would easily find the place where he was' [the fact] that x would do in English cōnfīdo mē celeriter ad urbem ventūrum (Cicero) [6] 'I am sure that I will come to the city soon' ' īrī infinitive of periphrastic perfect'
A clause typically contains a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun, or phrase containing one).
The Latin grammatical term is a calque of the Greek grammatical term μετοχή : metochē, 'participation, participle'. [4] [5] The linguistic term, past participle, was coined circa 1798 [6] based on its participial form, whose morphology equates to the regular form of preterite verbs.
Conditional clauses sometimes overlap in meaning with other types of clause, such as concessive ('although'), causal ('in view of the fact that'), or temporal ('whenever'). The conjunction sī is only rarely used in classical Latin to introduce indirect questions, although this usage is found in medieval Latin and is common in Greek and in ...
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Here, the two events do not happen simultaneously, as they do with the present genitive absolute, but the event in the main clause occurs after the event in the participial clause. The perfect participle describes a situation which was already in existence and which still prevailed at the time of the action of the main verb, for example:
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