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Consequently, if a liquid has dynamic viscosity of n centiPoise, and its density is not too different from that of water, then its kinematic viscosity is around n centiStokes. For gas, the dynamic viscosity is usually in the range of 10 to 20 microPascal-seconds, or 0.01 to 0.02 centiPoise. The density is usually on the order of 0.5 to 5 kg/m^3.
The activation energy Q takes a different value depending on whether the high or low temperature limit is being considered: it changes from a high value Q H at low temperatures (in the glassy state) to a low value Q L at high temperatures (in the liquid state). Common logarithm of viscosity against temperature for B 2 O 3, showing two regimes
where U is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (104 °F), Y is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 100 °C (212 °F), and L and H are the viscosities at 40 °C for two hypothetical oils of VI 0 and 100 respectively, having the same viscosity at 100 °C as the oil whose VI we are trying to determine.
In other words, oil with a density greater than 1000 kg/m 3 (or a specific gravity greater than 1) and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises. [3] [5] Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a low solubility and a viscosity greater than, and density higher than, water. [6]
Viscous flow in amorphous materials is characterised by deviations from the Arrhenius-type behaviour: the activation energy of viscosity Q changes from a high value Q H at low temperatures (in the glassy state) to a low value Q L at high temperatures (in the liquid state).
Michael Covitch of Lubrizol, Chair of the SAE International Engine Oil Viscosity Classification (EOVC) task force was quoted stating "If we continued to count down from SAE 20 to 15 to 10, etc., we would be facing continuing customer confusion problems with popular low-temperature viscosity grades such as SAE 10W, SAE 5W, and SAE 0W," he noted.
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