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The speed of light can be used in time of flight measurements to measure large distances to extremely high precision. Ole Rømer first demonstrated in 1676 that light does not travel instantaneously by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io. Progressively more accurate measurements of its speed came over the following centuries.
"Late universe" measurements using calibrated distance ladder techniques have converged on a value of approximately 73 (km/s)/Mpc. Since 2000, "early universe" techniques based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background have become available, and these agree on a value near 67.7 (km/s)/Mpc. [64] (This is accounting for the change in the ...
The orbits of these binary pulsars are decaying due to loss of energy in the form of gravitational radiation. The rate of this energy loss ("gravitational damping") can be measured, and since it depends on the speed of gravity, comparing the measured values to theory shows that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light to within 1%. [22]
One example is represented by the conditions in the first 10 −43 seconds of our universe after the Big Bang, approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The four universal constants that, by definition, have a numeric value 1 when expressed in these units are: c, the speed of light in vacuum, G, the gravitational constant, ħ, the reduced Planck ...
The fastest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, caused by the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. 150.6: 539: 337: 5 × 10 −7: Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster. 154 554.4 344.5 5.1 × 10 −7: Speed of the fastest crossbow arrow. 157: 575: 351: 5.2 × 10 −7: Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007 ...
For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr. [1] Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature ...
Because all photons move at the speed of light in vacuum, a fundamental constant of the universe, the distance of an object from the probe is calculated as the product of the speed of light and the measured time. However, for precision the calculations require adjustment for things such as the motions of the probe and object while the photons ...
They measured an early neutrino arrival of approximately 126 ns. Thus the relative speed difference was () (68% confidence limit). This corresponds to 1.000051±29 times the speed of light, thus apparently faster than light.