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The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
In membrane biology, the Hodgkin cycle is a key component of membrane physiology that describes bioelectrical impulses, especially prevalent in neural and muscle tissues. It was identified by British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.
Positive feedback occurs when a gene activates itself directly or indirectly via a double negative feedback loop. Genetic engineers have constructed and tested simple positive feedback networks in bacteria to demonstrate the concept of bistability. [28] A classic example of positive feedback is the lac operon in E. coli. Positive feedback plays ...
This sets up the possibility for positive feedback, which is a key part of the rising phase of the action potential. [7] [10] A complicating factor is that a single ion channel may have multiple internal "gates" that respond to changes in V m in opposite ways, or at different rates.
Because all brain areas are bidirectionally coupled, these connections between brain areas form feedback loops. Positive feedback loops tend to cause oscillatory activity where frequency is inversely related to the delay time. An example of such a feedback loop is the connections between the thalamus and cortex – the thalamocortical radiations.
Physiology (/ ˌ f ɪ z i ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i /; from Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis) 'nature, origin' and -λογία () 'study of') [1] is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron , information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid ) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area).
Biofeedback device for treating posttraumatic stress disorder. Biofeedback is the technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body by using electronic or other instruments, and with a goal of being able to manipulate the body's systems at will.