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Shipwrecks are common with the passage of strong tropical cyclones. Such shipwrecks can change the course of history, [7] as well as influence art and literature. A hurricane led to a victory of the Spanish over the French for control of Fort Caroline, and ultimately the Atlantic coast of North America, in 1565. [8]
The descriptor extratropical signifies that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside the tropics and in the middle latitudes of Earth between 30° and 60° latitude. They are termed mid-latitude cyclones if they form within those latitudes, or post-tropical cyclones if a tropical cyclone has intruded into the mid latitudes.
Cyclones have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune. [7] [8] Cyclogenesis is the process of cyclone formation and intensification. [9] Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones.
Subtropical cyclones began to receive names from the official tropical cyclone lists in the Atlantic Basin in 2002. There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones. Across the north Atlantic and southwest Indian ocean, they require central convection fairly near the center and a warming core in the mid-levels of the troposphere .
A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a warm-cored, non-frontal synoptic-scale low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters around the world. [4] [5] The systems generally have a well-defined center which is surrounded by deep atmospheric convection and a closed wind circulation at the surface. [4]
The Great Storm of 1987 was the first storm for which a sting jet was identified.. Sting jets are roughly 10–20 km (6–12 mi) wide and last 3–4 hours. [7] They are characterised in part by their mid-tropospheric origin and the acceleration of descending air, and are distinct from the low-tropospheric airstreams accompanying the cold and warm conveyor belts of extratropical cyclones.
Typhoon Parma (left) and Melor (right) interacting with each other in the Philippine Sea on October 6, 2009.. The Fujiwhara effect, sometimes referred to as the Fujiwara effect, Fujiw(h)ara interaction or binary interaction, is a phenomenon that occurs when two nearby cyclonic vortices move around each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas.
Horizontal deformation in mid-latitude cyclones concentrates temperature gradients—cold air from the poles and warm air from the equator.. Horizontal shear has two effects on an air parcel; it tends to rotate the parcel (think of placing a wheel at a point in space and as the wind blows, the wheel rotates) and deform the parcel through stretching and shrinking.