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  2. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Too high a viscosity may give hydraulic problems, and the laminar flow thus created may affect the crystallization dynamics. It is not applicable to compounds having reverse solubility, a term to indicate that solubility increases with temperature decrease (an example occurs with sodium sulfate where solubility is reversed above 32.5 °C).

  3. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    For example, anhydrous RhCl 3 is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas RhCl 3 ·3H 2 O is versatile. Similarly, hydrated AlCl 3 is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions .

  4. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Crystallization separates a product from a liquid feed stream, often in extremely pure form, by cooling the feed stream or adding precipitants that lower the solubility of the desired product so that it forms crystals. The pure solid crystals are then separated from the remaining liquor by filtration or centrifugation.

  5. Crystallization of polymers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization_of_polymers

    Crystallization from solution may result in the highest degree of polymer crystallinity. For example, highly linear polyethylene can form platelet-like single crystals with a thickness on the order 10–20 nm when crystallized from a dilute solution.

  6. Crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

    For example, crystals of galena often take the shape of cubes, and the six faces of the cube belong to a crystallographic form that displays one of the symmetries of the isometric crystal system. Galena also sometimes crystallizes as octahedrons, and the eight faces of the octahedron belong to another crystallographic form reflecting a ...

  7. Liquid crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal

    Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals.For example, a liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a common direction as in a solid.

  8. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a stage-wise separation technique that relies on the liquid–solid phase change. This technique fractionates via differences in crystallization temperature and enables the purification of multi-component mixtures, as long as none of the constituents can act as solvents to the others. Due to the high ...

  9. Fractional crystallization (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    An example of such texture, related to fractioned crystallization, is intergranular (also known as intercumulus) textures that develop wherever a mineral crystallizes later than the surrounding matrix, hence filling the left-over interstitial space. Various oxides of chromium, iron and titanium show such textures, such as intergranular chromite ...