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In a normal infant, the palmar grasp reflex is present during the first three months of age and disappears by six months of age. Disappearance of the reflex has been attributed to conscious and voluntary hand use. [3] Based on collected evidence, there is no significant difference between the reflexes of normal-term and pre-term infants. [2] [3]
The reflex normally integrates by three to four months of age, [12] though it may last up to six months. [13] Bilateral absence of the reflex may be linked to damage to the infant's central nervous system, while a unilateral absence could mean an injury due to birth trauma (e.g., a fractured clavicle or injury to the brachial plexus).
The vision of infants under one month of age ranges from 6/240 to 6/60 (20/800 to 20/200). [4] By two months, visual acuity improves to 6/45 (20/150). By four months, acuity improves by a factor of 2 – calculated to be 6/18 (20/60) vision. As the infant grows, the acuity reaches the healthy adult standard of 6/6 (20/20) at six months. [5]
4–8 months: Secondary circular reactions – Babies will reach for an object that is partially hidden, indicating knowledge that the whole object is still there. If an object is completely hidden, however, the baby makes no attempt to retrieve it. The infant learns to coordinate vision and comprehension.
Around 4 months, babies may vary their pitch, and imitate tones in adult speech. [14] Around 5 months, babies continue to experiment with sound, imitating some sounds made by adults. [14] Around 6 months, babies vary volume, pitch and rate. When infants are 6 months old they are finally able to control the opening and closing of the vocal tract ...
The empirical data has four stages: The first stage, with up to two items in the focal point, lasts up to about six months of age. [17] [18] The second stage, with up to three items, begins after eight months. [17] [19] The third stage appears at about 3.5 years of age with four items. [17] [20]
A baby has to be able to hold his or her head up (usually at 3 to 4 months), to be ready for swimming lessons. [15] Children can be taught, through a series of "prompts and procedures," to float on their backs to breathe, and then to flip over and swim toward a wall or other safe area.
Up to 27% of parents describe problems with infant crying in the first four months. Up to 38% identify a problem with their infant crying within the first year. Parents can be concerned about the amount of time that their infant cries, how the infant can be consoled, and disrupted sleeping patterns .
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