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Lymphedema can occur in both the upper and lower extremities, and in some cases, the head and neck. Assessment of the extremities first begins with a visual inspection; color, presence of hair, visible veins, size and any sores or ulcerations are noted. Lack of hair may indicate an arterial circulation problem. [34]
edema (swelling) erythema (redness) ulcers – arterial ulcers tend to be on the borders / sides of the foot, neuropathic ulcers on the plantar surface of the foot, venous ulcers tend on be on the medial aspect of the leg superior to the medial malleolus. hair – hair is absent in peripheral vascular disease (PVD) shiny skin – seen in PVD
In chronic venous insufficiency, sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming varicose disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment. It has become the reference standard for examining the condition and hemodynamics of the lower limb veins.
Edema may be described as pitting edema or non-pitting edema. [32] Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. Peripheral pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention.
Extensive lower-extremity DVT can even reach into the inferior vena cava (in the abdomen). [104] Upper extremity DVT most commonly affects the subclavian, axillary, and jugular veins. [11] The process of fibrinolysis, where DVT clots can be dissolved back into the blood, acts to temper the process of thrombus growth. [105] This is the preferred ...
Break in the skin, obesity, leg swelling, old age [1] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms [1] [3] Differential diagnosis: Deep vein thrombosis, stasis dermatitis, erysipelas, Lyme disease, necrotizing fasciitis. Sepsis must be ruled out, and if it occurs, must be rapidly treated. [1] [4] [5] Treatment: Elevation of the affected area [4] Medication
Patients present with an acute onset of swelling, pain, erythema, prominent tenderness, warmness and limited range of motion in both ankles. [1] [2] Lower legs and heels may also be involved, however the distal parts of feet and toes are usually spared. Patients may also experience high-graded fever, pitting edema and hypotension.
Buerger's test is performed in an assessment of arterial sufficiency. It is named after Leo Buerger.The vascular angle, which is also called Buerger's angle, is the angle to which the leg has to be raised before it becomes pale, whilst lying down.