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  2. Direct method in the calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_in_the...

    In mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, [1] introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of ...

  3. Calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_Variations

    The calculus of variations began with the work of Isaac Newton, such as with Newton's minimal resistance problem, which he formulated and solved in 1685, and later published in his Principia in 1687, [2] which was the first problem in the field to be formulated and correctly solved, [2] and was also one of the most difficult problems tackled by variational methods prior to the twentieth century.

  4. Variational principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_principle

    In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.

  5. Fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_lemma_of_the...

    In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation δf of a function f can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point. Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum ( functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an arbitrary function δf .

  6. Functional derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_derivative

    In the calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis, the functional derivative (or variational derivative) [1] relates a change in a functional (a functional in this sense is a function that acts on functions) to a change in a function on which the functional depends.

  7. Mill's methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill's_Methods

    Symbolically, the method of concomitant variation can be represented as (with ± representing a shift): A B C occur together with x y z A± B C results in x± y z. ————————————————————— Therefore A and x are causally connected. Unlike the preceding four inductive methods, the method of concomitant ...

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