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Idealization by Edvard Munch (1903), who is presumed to have had borderline personality disorder [6] [7]: Specialty: Psychiatry, clinical psychology: Symptoms: Unstable relationships, distorted sense of self, and intense emotions; impulsivity; recurrent suicidal and self-harming behavior; fear of abandonment; chronic feelings of emptiness; inappropriate anger; dissociation [8] [9]
Schizotypal personality disorder (StPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a cluster A personality disorder. [4] [5] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of social anxiety, derealization, transient psychosis, and unconventional ...
Schizoid personality disorder (/ ˈ s k ɪ t s ɔɪ d, ˈ s k ɪ d z ɔɪ d, ˈ s k ɪ z ɔɪ d /, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, [9] a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy. [10]
This involves both the notion of personality difficulty as a measure of subthreshold scores for personality disorder using standard interviews and the evidence that those with the most severe personality disorders demonstrate a "ripple effect" of personality disturbance across the whole range of mental disorders.
Passive–aggressive personality disorder, also called negativistic personality disorder, [1] [2] is characterized by procrastination, covert obstructionism, inefficiency, and stubbornness. The DSM-5 no longer uses this phrase or label, and it is not one of the ten listed specific personality disorders.
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Neuroscience research suggests that individuals with borderline personality disorder process emotional experiences through aberrant neural pathways in the brain. They are less likely to use pathways involving higher-level cortical regions responsible for episodic memory , integration, verbalization, mood regulation, and perspective-taking.
Dimensional models are intended to reflect what constitutes personality disorder symptomology according to a spectrum, rather than in a dichotomous way.As a result of this they have been used in three key ways; firstly to try to generate more accurate clinical diagnoses, secondly to develop more effective treatments and thirdly to determine the underlying etiology of disorders.