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  2. Photorespiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration

    This ability to avoid photorespiration makes these plants more hardy than other plants in dry and hot environments, wherein stomata are closed and internal carbon dioxide levels are low. Under these conditions, photorespiration does occur in C 4 plants, but at a much lower level compared with C 3 plants in the same

  3. C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation

    C3 carbon fixation is prone to photorespiration (PR) during dehydration, accumulating toxic glycolate products. In the 2000s scientists used computer simulation combined with an optimization algorithm to figure out what parts of the metabolic pathway may be tuned to improve photosynthesis.

  4. Calvin cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle

    So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin ...

  5. Photosynthetic efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

    During the day, CAM plants close stomata and use stored acids as carbon sources for sugar, etc. production. The C3 pathway requires 18 ATP and 12 NADPH for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose (3 ATP + 2 NADPH per CO 2 fixed) while the C4 pathway requires 30 ATP and 12 NADPH (C3 + 2 ATP per CO 2 fixed).

  6. C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation

    C 4 photosynthesis reduces photorespiration by concentrating CO 2 around RuBisCO. To enable RuBisCO to work in a cellular environment where there is a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen, C 4 leaves generally contain two partially isolated compartments called mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells.

  7. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

    Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O 2) in order to create ATP.Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle.

  8. Ecosystem respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration

    This constant cycle of carbon through the system is not the only element being transferred. In animal and plant respiration these living beings take in glucose and oxygen while emitting energy, carbon dioxide, and water as waste. These constant cycles provide for a influx of oxygen into the system and carbon out of the system.

  9. Light-dependent reactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions

    In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b 6 f uses electrons and energy from PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions. The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis ...