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The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. cat file 2 >1 vs cat file 2 > & 1. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named ' 1 ' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout. Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another.
File pointers stdin, stdout, and stderr are also provided. Ken Thompson (designer and implementer of the original Unix operating system) modified sort in Version 5 Unix to accept "-" as representing standard input, which spread to other utilities and became a part of the operating system as a special file in Version 8 .
By default, when csh runs a command, the command inherits the csh's stdio file handles for stdin, stdout and stderr, which normally all point to the console window where the C shell is running. The i/o redirection operators allow the command to use a file instead for input or output. > file means stdout will be written to file, overwriting it ...
Example usage of tee: The output of ls -l is redirected to tee which copies them to the file file.txt and to the pager less. The name tee comes from this scheme - it looks like the capital letter T. The tee command is normally used to split the output of a program so that it can be both displayed and saved in a file. The command can be used to ...
Yes (stdin, stdout, stderr, stdout+stderr) Yes (via registry, TCMD.INI / 4NT.INI file, startup parameters, environment variables, SETDOS command) Yes (automatic via registry and TCSTART / 4START as well as TCEXIT / 4EXIT, or explicitly via /K startup option) Yes (via CALL command or /C and /K startup options) Yes No VMS DCL [22] OpenVMS
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Price: $500 million Features: Two helipads, submarine, missile defense system, disco hall, several pools and hot tubs 2. Sailing Yacht A: Owned by Andrey Melnichenko
It opens a TCP socket to attacker IP at port 80 as a file descriptor. It then repeatedly read lines from the socket and run the line, piping both stdout and stderr back to the socket. In other words, it gives the attacker a remote shell on the machine.