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The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. cat file 2 >1 vs cat file 2 > & 1. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named ' 1 ' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout. Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another.
In the case of an interactive shell, that is usually the text terminal which initiated the program. The file descriptor for standard output is 1 (one); the POSIX <unistd.h> definition is STDOUT_FILENO; the corresponding C <stdio.h> variable is FILE* stdout; similarly, the C++ <iostream> variable is std::cout.
>> file means stdout will be appended at the end of file. >>& file means both stdout and stderr will be appended at the end of file. < file means stdin will be read from file. << string is a here document. Stdin will read the following lines up to the one that matches string. Redirecting stderr alone isn't possible without the aid of a sub-shell.
Example usage of tee: The output of ls -l is redirected to tee which copies them to the file file.txt and to the pager less. The name tee comes from this scheme - it looks like the capital letter T. The tee command is normally used to split the output of a program so that it can be both displayed and saved in a file. The command can be used to ...
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.
When healthy, Bieber has been among the best pitchers in baseball, with a 3.02 ERA since 2019 that ranks 15th among MLB starters. However, at age 29, there are also signs beyond the injuries that ...
A woman dining at Olive Garden encountered an unexpected situation involving the restaurant's popular breadsticks.. The diner — who shared her experience on TikTok in a Nov. 16 post — revealed ...
File descriptors for a single process, file table and inode table. Note that multiple file descriptors can refer to the same file table entry (e.g., as a result of the dup system call [3]: 104 ) and that multiple file table entries can in turn refer to the same inode (if it has been opened multiple times; the table is still simplified because it represents inodes by file names, even though an ...