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Calamites is a genus of extinct arborescent (tree-like) horsetails to which the modern horsetails (genus Equisetum) are closely related. [1] Unlike their herbaceous modern cousins, these plants were medium-sized trees, growing to heights of 30–50 meters (100–160 feet). [2]
Ptilophyllum is an extinct form genus of leaves belonging to the extinct seed plant order Bennettitales.The leaves, like other Bennettitales morphogenera are generally pinnate.
Paleobotany, also spelled as palaeobotany, is the branch of botany dealing with the recovery and identification of plant remains from geological contexts, and their use for the biological reconstruction of past environments (paleogeography), and the evolutionary history of plants, with a bearing upon the evolution of life in general.
Thus modern invertebrate paleontologists deal largely with fossils of this more strictly defined Animal Kingdom (excepting Phylum Chordata), Phylum Chordata being the exclusive focus of vertebrate paleontology. Protist fossils are then the main focus of micropaleontology, while plant fossils are the chief focus paleobotany.
Seed bearing organs of Pentoxylales, dubbed Carnoconites, which have a central axis or peduncle, which branches into numerous structures that end with an ovule.The morphology has variously been described as infructescences, seed cones, seed-bearing fruits, or female flowers.
In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic column with another. Prior to the discovery of radiometric dating in the early 20th century, which provided a means of absolute dating , archaeologists and geologists used relative dating to determine ages of materials.
Paleontologists at work at the dinosaur site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain). Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct vertebrates (animals with vertebrae and their descendants).
Permineralized fossils preserve the original cell structure, which can help scientists study an organism at the cellular level. These three-dimensional fossils create permanent molds of internal structures. The mineralization process helps prevent tissue compaction, distorting organs' actual size.