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The fleshy portion of the pomes is developed from the floral tube and like the berry most of the pericarp is fleshy but the endocarp is cartilaginous; an apple is an example of a pome. [2] Lastly, drupes are known for being one-seeded with a fleshy mesocarp; an example of this would be the peach. [2]
The pericarp typically is differentiated into two or three distinct layers; these are called the exocarp (outer layer, also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, the sepals , petals , stamens or the style of the flower fall away as the fleshy fruit ripens.
The cashew 'apple' and its attached drupe, which contains the edible seed. The cashew apple is an oval- or pear-shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower and is technically called a hypocarpium. [7] [8] [9] It ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2– 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long.
Lychees have a single seed surrounded by a fleshy aril and a pericarp forming the peel. [1] [5] Aggregate fruits like raspberries have a receptacle as the core, little fruits (drupelets) surround the core, each drupelet has an exocarp forming the peel, mesocarp forming the flesh and the hard endocarp surrounding the pips. [1]
Anatomy of apple pome compared to a pea pod. Botanically, a fruit is derived from a carpel; apples normally have five carpels, while a pea pod is a single carpel.The flesh of the apple is derived from the swollen receptacle that surrounds the carpels.
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The evolution of fruits with a berry-like pericarp has been studied in a wide range of flowering plant families. Repeated transitions between fleshy and dry pericarps have been demonstrated regularly. One well-studied family is the Solanaceae, because of the commercial importance of fruit such as tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants or aubergines.
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