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Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis , [ 1 ] during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective ...
Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, [1] they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer. [2] [3] [4] In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. [1]
Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes.It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation.
Aspects of cancer pharmacogenomics include the consideration of the tumor genome and the germline genome to make better decisions on cancer treatment. Cancer pharmacogenomics is the study of how variances in the genome influences an individual’s response to different cancer drug treatments.
Paul S. Mischel (born July 13, 1962) is a physician-scientist whose laboratory has made pioneering discoveries in the pathogenesis of human cancer. [1] He is the Fortinet Founders Professor, and Vice Chair for Research for the Department of Pathology, Stanford Medicine, an Institute Scholar in Sarafan ChEM-H.
In research or diagnosis DNA amplification can be conducted through methods such as: Polymerase chain reaction , an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA by polymerizing nucleotides, a concept which is applicable to numerous fields in modern biology and related sciences.
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. [1] In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal ...
CHOP is the acronym for a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CHOP consists of: CHOP consists of: C yclophosphamide , an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links