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A valvulotome is a catheter-based controllable surgical instrument used for cutting or disabling the venous valves. [1] This is needed to enable an in situ bypass in patients with an occluded artery (especially femoral artery), where the saphenous vein is disconnected from the venous system and connected to arteries above and below the occluded segment to allow blood to flow to the lower leg.
In some situations, venous access is obtained by inserting catheters into the large central veins of the trunk of the body such as the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins. This type of venous access is performed with central venous catheters (CVCs) , and is required in certain situations where peripheral access is inadequate.
Tunneled catheters have multiple channels called lumens which lay exposed on the surface of the skin. These lumens are the access points when the catheter is used. Tunneled catheters can be single, double, or triple lumened. Removal of a tunneled catheter is a simple procedure requiring only local anesthetic. A bandage is applied to the site to ...
Catheter access, sometimes called a CVC (central venous catheter), consists of a plastic catheter with two lumens (or occasionally two separate catheters) which is inserted into a large vein (usually the vena cava, via the internal jugular vein or the femoral vein) to allow large flows of blood to be withdrawn from one lumen, to enter the dialysis circuit, and to be returned via the other lumen.
An intravenous (IV) line is placed in either the collarbone, hand or arm. Catheters may be put in the wrist and neck area to monitor the heart and blood pressure of the patient, as well as for obtaining blood samples. The patient's blood pressure, blood oxygen level, heart rate and breathing is monitored during surgery by an anaesthesiologist.
Implanted central venous catheter Implanted port. The "nipples" which define the clinician's target area are here readily discerned. Gripper needle inserted in port. An implanted central venous catheter, also called a port a "cath" or "port-a-cath", is similar to a tunneled catheter, but is left entirely under the skin and is accessible via a ...
Venous cutdown is an emergency procedure in which the vein is exposed surgically and then a cannula is inserted into the vein under direct vision. It is used for venous access in cases of trauma , and hypovolemic shock when the use of a peripheral venous catheter is either difficult or impossible.
Venous access port catheter. Dialysis catheters include temporary and tunneled large-bore central venous access lines placed for administering hemodialysis. When possible, these catheters are placed in the right internal jugular vein, but the left internal jugular and femoral veins may also be utilized.