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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    The confounding variable makes the results of the analysis unreliable. It is quite likely that we are just measuring the fact that highway driving results in better fuel economy than city driving. In statistics terms, the make of the truck is the independent variable, the fuel economy (MPG) is the dependent variable and the amount of city ...

  3. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    The heat wave is an example of a hidden or unseen variable, also known as a confounding variable. Another commonly noted example is a series of Dutch statistics showing a positive correlation between the number of storks nesting in a series of springs and the number of human babies born at that time.

  4. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    In this example, the "lurking" variable (or confounding variable) causing the paradox is the size of the stones, which was not previously known to researchers to be important until its effects were included. [citation needed] Which treatment is considered better is determined by which success ratio (successes/total) is larger.

  5. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    All of those examples deal with a lurking variable, which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both of the variables observed to be correlated. That third variable is also known as a confounding variable, with the slight difference that confounding variables need not be hidden and may thus be corrected for in an analysis. Note that ...

  6. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    The variables made to remain constant during an experiment are referred to as control variables. For example, if an outdoor experiment were to be conducted to compare how different wing designs of a paper airplane (the independent variable) affect how far it can fly (the dependent variable), one would want to ensure that the experiment is ...

  7. Stratification (clinical trials) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(clinical...

    Stratification can be used to control for confounding variables (variables other than those the researcher is studying), thereby making it easier for the research to detect and interpret relationships between variables. [1] For example, if doing a study of fitness where age or gender was expected to influence the outcomes, participants could be ...

  8. 5 Items From the 1970s That Are Worth a Lot of Money - AOL

    www.aol.com/5-items-1970s-worth-lot-170007423.html

    Here are some examples of what just basic vintage games could make you if you sell them. Space Invaders (Atari 2600, 1978): $75 to $1,450. Pong (original Atari Pong C-100, 1972): $100 to $150.

  9. Propensity score matching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching

    Propensity scores are used to reduce confounding by equating groups based on these covariates. Suppose that we have a binary treatment indicator Z, a response variable r, and background observed covariates X. The propensity score is defined as the conditional probability of treatment given background variables: