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One context in which symmetric polynomial functions occur is in the study of monic univariate polynomials of degree n having n roots in a given field.These n roots determine the polynomial, and when they are considered as independent variables, the coefficients of the polynomial are symmetric polynomial functions of the roots.
The following lists the power sum symmetric polynomials of positive degrees up to n for the first three positive values of . In every case, = is one of the polynomials. The list goes up to degree n because the power sum symmetric polynomials of degrees 1 to n are basic in the sense of the theorem stated below.
For any commutative ring A, denote the ring of symmetric polynomials in the variables X 1, ..., X n with coefficients in A by A[X 1, ..., X n] S n. This is a polynomial ring in the n elementary symmetric polynomials e k (X 1, ..., X n) for k = 1, ..., n. This means that every symmetric polynomial P(X 1, ..., X n) ∈ A[X 1, ..., X n] S n has a ...
Symmetric polynomials arise naturally in the study of the relation between the roots of a polynomial in one variable and its coefficients, since the coefficients can be given by polynomial expressions in the roots, and all roots play a similar role in this setting. From this point of view, the elementary symmetric polynomials are the most ...
The Newton identities also permit expressing the elementary symmetric polynomials in terms of the power sum symmetric polynomials, showing that any symmetric polynomial can also be expressed in the power sums. In fact the first n power sums also form an algebraic basis for the space of symmetric polynomials.
Aside from polynomial functions, tensors that act as functions of several vectors can be symmetric, and in fact the space of symmetric -tensors on a vector space is isomorphic to the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree on . Symmetric functions should not be confused with even and odd functions, which have a different sort of symmetry.
In invariant theory, the representation theory of the symmetric group on two points is quite simple and is seen as writing a function of two variables as a sum of its symmetric and anti-symmetric parts: Setting f s (x, y) = f(x, y) + f(y, x), and f a (x, y) = f(x, y) − f(y, x), one gets that 2⋅f = f s + f a. This process is known as ...
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic combinatorics and commutative algebra, the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials are a specific kind of symmetric polynomials. Every symmetric polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial expression in complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials.