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  2. Metamorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism

    These differ in the characteristic temperatures, pressures, and rate at which they take place and in the extent to which reactive fluids are involved. Metamorphism occurring at increasing pressure and temperature conditions is known as prograde metamorphism, while decreasing temperature and pressure characterize retrograde metamorphism.

  3. Foliation (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology)

    Gneiss, a foliated metamorphic rock. Quartzite, a non-foliated metamorphic rock. Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. [1] Each layer can be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. [1] The word comes from the Latin folium, meaning "leaf", and refers to the sheet-like planar structure. [1]

  4. Facies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facies

    A facies encompasses all the characteristics of a rock including its chemical, physical, and biological features that distinguish it from adjacent rock. [ 2 ] The term "facies" was introduced by the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the foundations of modern stratigraphy , [ 3 ] which replaced ...

  5. Geology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

    Solidified lava flow in Hawaii Sedimentary layers in Badlands National Park, South Dakota Metamorphic rock, Nunavut, Canada. Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' and λoγία () 'study of, discourse') [1] [2] is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. [3]

  6. Orogenic gold deposit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogenic_gold_deposit

    A number of rock types have been suggested as the source of orogenic gold, but due to the variability of host rocks in Earth’s history and deposit-scale, their relation to Earth-scale gold formation processes is unclear. [12] Furthermore, age dating of the deposits and their host rocks shows that there are large time gaps in their formation.

  7. Formation of rocks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_of_rocks

    As it moves, it cools and various rock types will form through a process known as fractional crystallisation. Igneous rocks can be seen at mid-ocean ridges, areas of island arc volcanism or in intra-plate hotspots. Metamorphic rocks once existed as igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been subjected to varying degrees of pressure and heat ...

  8. Rock (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

    The use of rock has had a huge impact on the cultural and technological development of the human race. Rock has been used by humans and other hominids for at least 2.5 million years. [22] Lithic technology marks some of the oldest and continuously used technologies. The mining of rock for its metal content has been one of the most important ...

  9. Bed (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_(geology)

    In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". [1] A bedding surface is three-dimensional surface , planar or curved, that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology ) from the preceding or following bed.