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In toxicology it is specifically the highest tested dose or concentration of a substance (i.e. a drug or chemical) or agent (e.g. radiation), at which no such adverse effect is found in exposed test organisms where higher doses or concentrations resulted in an adverse effect. [3] [4] [5]
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose.It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect. [1]
Toxicology testing is commonly conducted during preclinical development for a substance intended for human exposure. Stages of in silico, in vitro and in vivo research are conducted to determine safe exposure doses in model organisms. If necessary, the next phase of research involves human toxicology testing during a first-in-man study.
A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites.
Cancer slope factors (CSF) are used to estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance. A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit , on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation .
A clinical chemistry analyzer; hand shows size. Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is a division in medical laboratory sciences focusing on qualitative tests of important compounds, referred to as analytes or markers, in bodily fluids and tissues using analytical techniques and specialized instruments. [1]
Detoxing is a first step towards sobriety. To overcome the inevitable pain of withdrawal from opiates without medication—going “cold turkey”—is excruciating. The ordeal may take a week or longer, and there is little relief from sleep deprivation, depression, and loss of bodily functions.
Ames test procedure. One classical bioassay is the Ames test. A strain of Salmonella that requires histidine to grow is put on two plates with growth medium containing minimal amounts of histidine and some rat liver extract (to mimick liver metabolism). A suspected mutagen is added to one plate. If the plate with the suspected mutagen grows ...