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The most commonly seen form of higher-level organization of nucleic acids is seen in the form of chromatin which leads to its interactions with the small proteins histones. Also, the quaternary structure refers to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome or spliceosome .
In molecular biology, a polynucleotide (from Ancient Greek πολυς (polys) 'many') is a biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers that are covalently bonded in a chain. [1] DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are examples of polynucleotides with distinct biological functions.
Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior.
Other advances in molecular biology stemming from the discovery of the DNA double helix eventually led to ways to sequence genes. James Watson directed the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health. [7] The ability to sequence and manipulate DNA is now central to the biotechnology industry and modern medicine.
The Polynucleotides, RNA and DNA, are long polymers of nucleotides. Polypeptides include proteins and shorter polymers of amino acids ; some major examples include collagen , actin , and fibrin . Polysaccharides are linear or branched chains of sugar carbohydrates ; examples include starch, cellulose, and alginate.
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In enzymology, a polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase (EC 2.7.1.78) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 5'-dephospho-DNA, whereas its two products are ADP and 5'-phospho-DNA.
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