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An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) House of Representatives: Lower chamber of legislature First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) Uruguay: President: Head of State and Government Two-round system: Chamber of Senators: Upper ...
Neutral voting models try to minimize the number of parameters and, as an example of the nothing-up-my-sleeve principle. The most common such model is the impartial anonymous culture model (or Dirichlet model). These models assume voters assign each candidate a utility completely at random (from a uniform distribution).
The version of block voting using electoral lists instead of individual candidates (general ticket or party block voting) was almost completely replaced by party-list proportional voting systems, which fully abandon the winner-take-all ideal in favor of equal representation.
A number of voting methods are used within the various jurisdictions in the United States, the most common of which is the first-past-the-post system, where the highest-polling candidate wins the election. [5] Under this system, a candidate who achieves a plurality (that is, the most) of vote wins.
A very common example of range voting are the 5-star ratings used for many customer satisfaction surveys and reviews. Other cardinal systems include satisfaction approval voting, highest median rules (including the majority judgment), and the D21 – Janeček method where voters can cast positive and negative votes.
In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. For example, they might mark a preference for Bob in the first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those used in Australia and Ireland, use a ranked vote.
Plurality voting is the most common voting system, and has been in widespread use since the earliest democracies.As plurality voting has exhibited weaknesses from its start, especially as soon as a third party joins the race, some individuals turned to transferable votes (facilitated by contingent ranked ballots) to reduce the incidence of wasted votes and unrepresentative election results.