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Those affected by schizophrenia are also more inclined to develop numerous physiological and psychological conditions. Most notably, they experience higher rates of substance abuse and suicidality; where more than half of people with schizophrenia have reported suicide ideation or attempts, and nearly half experience substance abuse or dependence. [19]
Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process. [4] Research that reviewed the relationship between organic brain lesions and the development of delusions suggested that "brain lesions which lead to subcortical dysfunction could produce delusions when elaborated by an intact cortex".
Subtypes of schizophrenia—classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual—were difficult to distinguish and are no longer recognized as separate conditions by DSM-5 (2013) or ICD-11. [265] [266] [267]
In McGorry’s conception, schizophrenia goes through a “prodrome” stage when symptoms gradually emerge, a “first episode” phase that covers, on average, the two years before the first break and finally a “chronic” phase when the disease causes a steady deterioration in many patients that can be difficult if not impossible to reverse.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men [7] —the peak ages of onset schizophrenia are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. [10] Early Onset schizophrenia in childhood, before the age of 13 can sometimes occur.
The management of schizophrenia usually involves many aspects including psychological, pharmacological, social, educational, and employment-related interventions directed to recovery, and reducing the impact of schizophrenia on quality of life, social functioning, and longevity.
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