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The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways [115] The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as ...
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
Tyrosine phosphorylation mediates in signal transduction pathways during germ cell development and determines their association with the differentiation of a functional gamete. Until testicular germ cells differentiate into spermatozoa , cAMP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation is not detectable.
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector.
The alpha subunit, now free to move along the inner membrane, eventually contacts another cell surface receptor - the "primary effector." [citation needed] The primary effector then has an action, which creates a signal that can diffuse within the cell. This signal is called the "second (or secondary) messenger."
The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often by combinatorial signaling events. [2]
However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell. [2] Different metabolic pathways function in the position within a eukaryotic cell and the significance of the pathway in the given compartment of the cell. [3] For instance, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation all take place in the mitochondrial membrane.
Calcium signaling; Calcium signaling in cell division; Calmodulin; CAMP-dependent pathway; Cell junction; Cell surface receptor; Cell–cell interaction; Cell-mediated immunity; Cellular anastasis; Chemical synapse; CLE peptide; Cooperativity; Cyclic adenosine monophosphate