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  2. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    An example of this crystallization process is the production of Glauber's salt, a crystalline form of sodium sulfate. In the diagram, where equilibrium temperature is on the x-axis and equilibrium concentration (as mass percent of solute in saturated solution) in y-axis , it is clear that sulfate solubility quickly decreases below 32.5 °C.

  3. Ionic crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_crystal

    In chemistry, an ionic crystal is a crystalline form of an ionic compound. They are solids consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction into a regular lattice . Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides , including potassium fluoride (KF), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr), potassium iodide (KI ...

  4. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a stage-wise separation technique that relies on the liquid–solid phase change. This technique fractionates via differences in crystallization temperature and enables the purification of multi-component mixtures, as long as none of the constituents can act as solvents to the others.

  5. Crystallization of polymers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization_of_polymers

    Crystallization affects optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polymer. The degree of crystallinity is estimated by different analytical methods and it typically ranges between 10 and 80%, with crystallized polymers often called "semi-crystalline". The properties of semi-crystalline polymers are determined not only by the ...

  6. Salt (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)

    For example, FeSO 4 is named iron(2+) sulfate (with the 2+ charge on the Fe 2+ ions balancing the 2− charge on the sulfate ion), whereas Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 is named iron(3+) sulfate (because the two iron ions in each formula unit each have a charge of 3+, to balance the 2− on each of the three sulfate ions). [108]

  7. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    In some cases, the degree of hydration can be critical to the resulting chemical properties. For example, anhydrous RhCl 3 is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas RhCl 3 ·3H 2 O is versatile. Similarly, hydrated AlCl 3 is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions

  8. Colloidal crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_crystal

    A colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloidal particles and fine grained materials analogous to a standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules. [1] A natural example of this phenomenon can be found in the gem opal, where spheres of silica assume a close-packed locally periodic structure under moderate compression.

  9. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    Small-molecule and macromolecular crystallography differ in the range of possible techniques used to produce diffraction-quality crystals. Small molecules generally have few degrees of conformational freedom, and may be crystallized by a wide range of methods, such as chemical vapor deposition and recrystallization. By contrast, macromolecules ...