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The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectricity, triboelectric charging, triboelectrification, or tribocharging) describes electric charge transfer between two objects when they contact or slide against each other. It can occur with different materials, such as the sole of a shoe on a carpet, or between two pieces of the same material.
The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while the charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current.
According to Gauss’s law, a conductor at equilibrium carrying an applied current has no charge on its interior.Instead, the entirety of the charge of the conductor resides on the surface, and can be expressed by the equation: = where E is the electric field caused by the charge on the conductor and is the permittivity of the free space.
In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers. In a vacuum , a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time.
Crystalline solids and molecular solids are two opposite extreme cases of materials that exhibit substantially different transport mechanisms. While in atomic solids transport is intra-molecular, also known as band transport, in molecular solids the transport is inter-molecular, also known as hopping transport.
In the case where the electron/hole transport is limited by trap states in the form of exponential tails extending from the conduction/valence band edges, = (), the drift current density is given by the Mark-Helfrich equation, [10] = ((+)) (+ +) + + + where is the elementary charge, = / with being the thermal energy, is the effective ...
Body capacitance was a significant nuisance when tuning the earliest radios; touching the tuning knob controlling the tuner's variable capacitor would couple the body capacitance into the tuning circuit, slightly changing its resonant frequency. Design of such circuits intended to be adjusted by a user must prevent interaction of the user's ...
But when the inducing charge is moved away, the charge is released and spreads throughout the electroscope terminal to the leaves, so the gold leaves move apart again. The sign of the charge left on the electroscope after grounding is always opposite in sign to the external inducing charge. [5] The two rules of induction are: [5] [6]