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A dry-powder inhaler (DPI) is a device that delivers medication to the lungs in the form of a dry powder. DPIs are commonly used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and COPD although DPIs (such as inhalable insulin) have also been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [1]
Toluene is widely used in the paint, dye, rubber, chemical, glue, printing, and pharmaceutical industries as a solvent. [38] Nail polish, paintbrush cleaners, and stain removers may contain toluene. Manufacturing of explosives (TNT) uses it as well. Toluene is also found in cigarette smoke and car exhaust.
A wide range of volatile solvents intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), toluene (used in paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and model glue), and acetone (used in nail polish remover). These solvents vaporize at room temperature.
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Hippuric acid has long been used as an indicator of toluene exposure; [14] however, there appears to be some doubt about its validity. [15] There is significant endogenous hippuric acid production by humans; which shows inter- and intra-individual variation influenced by factors such as diet, medical treatment, alcohol consumption, etc. [15] This suggests that hippuric acid may be an ...
Common side effects when inhaled include upper respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, thrush, and cough. [8] Common side effects when used in the nose include nosebleeding and sore throat. [ 9 ] Unlike fluticasone furoate , which is approved in children as young as two years of age when used for allergies, fluticasone propionate is only ...
While the use of inhaled steroids and long-acting beta2‑adrenergic agonists are recommended for the resulting improvement in control of symptoms of asthma, [10] concerns have been raised that salmeterol may increase the risk of death due to asthma, and this additional risk is not reduced by the addition of inhaled steroids. [11]
Umeclidinium bromide, sold under the brand name Incruse Ellipta, is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist approved for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [3] It is also approved for this indication in combination with vilanterol (as umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and also as a triple-therapy ...