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In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics : they take on large values for similar ...
Biological databases can be classified by the kind of data they collect (see below). Broadly, there are molecular databases (for sequences, molecules, etc.), functional databases (for physiology, enzyme activities, phenotypes, ecology etc), taxonomic databases (for species and other taxonomic ranks), images and other media, or specimens (for ...
Biological data has also been difficult to define, as bioinformatics is a wide-encompassing field. Further, the question of what constitutes as being a living organism has been contentious, as "alive" represents a nebulous term that encompasses molecular evolution, biological modeling, biophysics, and systems biology.
A bar chart is a graph that shows categorical data as bars presenting heights (vertical bar) or widths (horizontal bar) proportional to represent values. Bar charts provide an image that could also be represented in a tabular format. [10] In the bar chart example, we have the birth rate in Brazil for the December months from 2010 to 2016. [9]
Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) is a non-parametric statistical test widely used in the field of ecology.The test was first suggested by K. R. Clarke [1] as an ANOVA-like test, where instead of operating on raw data, operates on a ranked dissimilarity matrix.
Bottom: in a separate species , a gene has a similar function (histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein) but has a separate evolutionary origin and so is an analog. Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA , RNA , or protein sequences , defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life .
Local alignments are more useful for dissimilar sequences that are suspected to contain regions of similarity or similar sequence motifs within their larger sequence context. The Smith–Waterman algorithm is a general local alignment method based on the same dynamic programming scheme but with additional choices to start and end at any place.
In biology, phenetics (/ f ɪ ˈ n ɛ t ɪ k s /; from Ancient Greek φαίνειν (phainein) 'to appear'), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually with respect to morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.