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T 3 is the more metabolically active hormone produced from T 4.T 4 is deiodinated by three deiodinase enzymes to produce the more-active triiodothyronine: . Type I present in liver, kidney, thyroid, and (to a lesser extent) pituitary; it accounts for 80% of the deiodination of T 4.
The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. It acts to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. [12]
Reverse triiodothyronine, also known as rT 3, is an isomer of triiodothyronine (T 3).. Reverse T 3 is the third-most common iodothyronine the thyroid gland releases into the bloodstream, at 0.9%; tetraiodothyronine (levothyroxine, T 4) constitutes 90% and T 3 is 9%.
The pituitary gland secretes thyrotropin (TSH; Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) that stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine (T4) and, to a lesser degree, triiodothyronine (T3). The major portion of T3, however, is produced in peripheral organs, e.g. liver, adipose tissue, glia and skeletal muscle by deiodination from
When circulating in the body, T3 and T4 are bound to transport proteins. Only a small fraction of the circulating thyroid hormones are unbound or free, and thus biologically active. T3 and T4 levels can thus be measured as free T3 and T4, or total T3 and T4, which takes into consideration the free hormones in addition to the protein-bound hormones.
Magnesium increases total T and free T, because the mineral prevents SHBG from binding to testosterone. The result: more free T. Foods high in magnesium include spinach, almonds, cashews, and peanuts.
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Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a globulin protein encoded by the SERPINA7 gene in humans. TBG binds thyroid hormones in circulation.It is one of three transport proteins (along with transthyretin and serum albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) in the bloodstream.
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