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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Fromkin, David (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8809-0. Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books.
Anglo-Ottoman (1913) United Kingdom 1914 Yeniköy accord (Armenian reforms), (1914) Western Armenia: 1917 Erzincan: Russian SFSR: 1918 Brest Litovsk: Russian SFSR, Germany, Austria-Hungary 1918 Trabzon: Transcaucasian Sejm: 1918 Batum: Armenia: 1918 Mudros: United Kingdom 1920 Sèvres: Allies (United Kingdom, France, Italy, and others)
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I; Part of World War I: From left to right: The Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām who declared Jihad against the Entente Powers; Burning oil tanks in the port of Novorossiysk after the Ottoman Empire's strike on Russian ports; Fifth Army during the Gallipoli Campaign; Third Army on the Caucasus campaign; The heliograph team of the Ottoman army in the Sinai and ...
According to A History of the Modern Middle East (2018) by William L. Cleveland, the declining empire had various unlikely successes during the war and "its ability to endure four years of total warfare testified to the tenacity with which its civilian and military populations defended the Ottoman order."
The Ottoman Empire initiates forced deportation of Armenians. 1915: April 25: The Gallipoli Campaign: Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottoman army successfully repels Britain invasion of the Dardanelles in Turkey. December 7 Siege of Kut. Ottoman defense just outside of Baghdad, leading to a major defeat for the British.
Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire gains Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is turned into a fief of the Ottoman Empire for 4 years; Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch [143] 1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War: Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate: Tsardom of Russia ...
The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. [4] Despite this enormous German success, the manpower required by the Germans to occupy the captured territory may have contributed to the failure of their Spring Offensive , and secured relatively little food or ...
The occupation of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un işgali) or occupation of Constantinople (12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French ...